
Kevin Rudd in chapter 3 made a useful historical survey of the worldviews of China from pre-Communist i.e. the early dynasty of Western Zhou [2070 BC to 722 BC] to the Communist era.
He contends that the doctrines of ‘Tianxi’ or ‘All under Heaven’, the Mandate of Heaven, and Marxism-Leninism are all part of Xi’s worldview. [p 49 hardcover book].
In his survey, Deng who became a paramount leader in 1977-78, prioritised the goal of modernisation after the chaos of the Cultural Revolution. The objective was to achieve middle-income status by 2000 and develop economic status between 2030 and 2050
China’s foreign policy was calibrated to help achieve this domestic economic vision. Therefore, Deng stressed that a peaceful world order and cooperation with the US must be maintained. [p 67- 72].